An elbow condylar fracture is a break in one of the bony condyles of the humerus (the upper arm bone) where it forms the elbow joint. This type of fracture is particularly common in young, small to medium breed dogs, especially Spaniels, due to a combination of anatomical vulnerability and activity levels. It can involve the lateral, medial, or both condyles (a "Y" or "T" fracture)

• Trauma: The most common cause, such as falling from a height, jumping off furniture, or rough play.
• Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle (IOHC): A developmental condition in which the two parts of the condyle don’t fuse properly, making the bone more prone to fracture even with minor force.
• High-impact stress on immature bones: Young dogs are particularly at risk when the bones are still developing.
• Breed predisposition: Breeds such as English Springer Spaniels, French Bulldogs, and Labrador Retrievers are overrepresented.

• Sudden onset of severe forelimb lameness (often non-weight bearing)
• Swelling or pain around the elbow joint
• Crying or vocalising when the leg is touched or moved
• Reluctance to bear weight on the affected limb
• Abnormal elbow angle or instability in the joint

• Physical Examination & Orthopaedic Examination. Reveals pain on manipulation of the elbow, swelling, and abnormal motion
• Digital Radiographs (X-Ray). Confirm the presence, type, and severity of the fracture.
• Computed Tomography Scan (CT). This may be necessary for further diagnosis.

• Medical Management
  • Strict confinement and pain relief may be used in very select, non-displaced fractures, though this is uncommon and not typically recommended.
  • Analgesia and anti-inflammatory medication are given to manage pain and inflammation before and after surgery.
• Surgical Management 
  • Internal fixation with screws and pins: The standard treatment to realign and stabilise the joint for proper healing.
  • Arthrotomy (open joint surgery): Allows the surgeon to directly visualise the fracture and ensure proper placement of implants.